Oriented multi-layer films having a different orientation distribution between layers

ABSTRACT

The invention comprises an oriented multi-layer film having a different orientation distribution between at least two layers and a novel process for forming oriented multi-layer films having a different orientation distribution between the layers. An important feature is the formation of a first tubular layer which is folded and fed into the interior of a second tubular layer of smaller diameter. Upon inflation of the inner tubular layer of larger diameter to its maximum unstretched diameter the smaller diameter outer tubular layer will be stretched and will also be oriented if the stretching occurs while the temperature of the smaller diameter outer tubular layer is maintained within the orientation temperature range of that material.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to film formation and, more particularly,to a method for forming an oriented multi-layer film having a differentdirection of orientation between at least two of the layers of the film.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

For many years it has been known that the stretching of an orientablethermoplastic material under certain conditions, now well known in theart, would result in the orientation, i.e. alignment, of the moleculesof the material in the direction of stretching. One method whereby thisstretching may be accomplished is known as the "bubble" process.

The bubble process is a well known process for forming an orientedthermoplastic film wherein an extruded tube of thermoplastic materialwhich is heated to its orientation temperature range is sequentiallyinflated and stretched by internal pressure, cooled and then collapsedinto a lay-flat configuration. The collapsed tube may subsequently bewound up in roll fashion for storage. The tube may be cut or slit toform a planer film. The tube is usually extruded vertically. Afterextrusion a volume of air is trapped within the tube. The internallytrapped air causes the extruded tubing to assume a bubble orballoon-like configuration so as to enlarge, stretch and orient the tubein both the transverse and longitudinal directions. The bubble may beformed through utilization of two sets of pinch rolls which may alsoserve to collapse the tube and form a lay-flat film. The thickness ofthe film may, to some degree, be controlled by varying the volume of theinternally trapped air and hence the degree of enlarging and stretching,by varying the rate of extrusion and/or varying the speed of revolutionof the pinch rolls which collapse the tube into lay-flat configuration.

The terms "oriented" and/or "orientation" are used herein to describethe process and resultant product characteristics obtained by stretchinga resinous orientable polymeric thermoplastic material which has beenheated to within its orientation temperature range and then cooled inorder to lock-in or "freeze" the molecular alignment of the material inthe direction of stretching. This action improves the mechanicalproperties of the film, such as, for example, shrink tension andorientation release stress. Both of these properties may be measured inaccordance with ASTM D 2838 69 (reapproved 1975). The orientationtemperature range for a given film will vary with the different resinousthermoplastic materials or blends thereof which comprise the film.However, the orientation temperature range may generally be stated to beabove room temperature and below the melting point of the thermoplasticmaterial or blend of materials. Orientation temperature ranges for thematerials encompassed by the present invention are well known to thoseskilled in the art. When the stretching force is applied in onedirection uniaxial orientation results. When the stretching force isapplied in two directions biaxial orientation results.

The term "cross-oriented" is used herein to describe a multilayer filmcomprising two or more layers in which at least two of the layers areoriented at an angle with respect to each other.

The terms "polymer" and "polymeric" are used herein to include polymers,ionomers, copolymers, interpolymers, homopolymers, block or graftpolymers and blends thereof.

Other methods of stretching are known in the art. For example, it hasbeen recognized in the art that the extruded tubing may belongitudinally stretched by revolving the pinch rolls which initiallycollapse the tubing after extrusion at a rate in excess of the linearvelocity with which the tubing emerges from the extrusion die. If thetemperature of the extruded tubing is maintained within its orientationtemperature range during the stretching, the molecules of the tubingwill be oriented in the direction of stretching. Films manufactured bythis method are generally referred to as hot stretched. It has also beenrecognized in the art that the extruded tubing may be longitudinallystretched by revolving one of the pairs of pinch rolls which transport atubular extrudate, which has been extruded, cooled and reheated to itsorientation temperature range, at a rate in excess of the rate ofrevolution of a preceding pair of pinch rolls. Films manufactured bythis method are generally referred to as cold stretched films. Either ofthese methods accomplishes some degree of orientation of the stretchedtubular extruded film in the longitudinal or tubular direction. However,if a high degree of orientation is desired the later procedure should befollowed since it results in a greater degree of orientation.Furthermore, it is also well known that the transverse expansion of anextruded tubular film, which is heated to a temperature within itsorientation temperature range results in the stretching and consequentorientation of the tubular extruded film in the transverse or lateraldirection. A greater degree of transverse orientation occurs if theextruded material is first cooled and then reheated to its orientationtemperature range (i.e. cold stretched) prior to being subjected totransverse stretching and expansion. If the transverse stretching iscoupled with longitudinal stretching, as is the case in the bubbleprocess, a biaxial orientation is imparted to the resultant extrudedfilm.

Stretching to orient a thermoplastic material is widely utilized withinthe art since it is well known that an oriented material exhibitsincreased tear resistance in the direction transverse to the directionof stretching and orientation. Further discussion of film orientationmay be found at Volume I, Chapter 10 of The Science and Technology ofFilms, copyrighted in 1968 by John Wiley and Sons. The book was editedby Orville J. Sweeting and is hereby incorporating by reference.

It is also previously known to prepare a multi-layer plastic film bymeans of two or more extruders, a die with several concentric annularextrusion slots, bubble stretching apparatus and/or longitudinalstretching or drawing apparatus. The materials which form the layers ofsaid plastic film are separately prepared and processed in the differentextruders and then are passed separately to the different concentricextrusion slots of the die. The diameters of the concentric die slotsare very close to each other. Thus, the emerging tubes which form thedifferent layers of the final film make contact with each other shortlybefore or after emerging from the die and are stretched and orientedonly after being united with each other. Such action means that theindividual layers cannot be independently stretched and oriented. Thusall layers of the extruded film must have the same direction oforientation.

The present invention relates to a new continuous process by means ofwhich it is possible to prepare a multi-layer film having a differentorientation distribution between the film layers. In a preferredembodiment, the present invention comprises a film whereby an interiorlayer of the extruded tubular structure is predominantly oriented in thelongitudinal direction and an exterior layer of the extruded tubularstructure is predominately transversely oriented. The thus formedcross-oriented tubing has improved strength and high tear resistance.

Other individuals have worked in this area and, indeed, have receivedpatents on cross-oriented films and methods for producing them. Forexample, the work of Reifenhauser et. al has resulted in U.S. Pat. Nos.3,726,743 and 3,926,706. Additionally, the work of Kubat et. al resultedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,568. While these patents do disclose methods forproducing cross-oriented films and cross-oriented film products, theapparatus, processes and products disclosed in these patents aredistinguishable from those of the present invention in that theabove-identified patents generally disclose much more complex apparatuswhereby the tubular layers are independently extruded or coextruded andthe various cross-orientations are regulated by varying the pressure ofthe air injected into the inner tube and/or injected between the innerand outer tubes, or both. Thus, it can be seen, prior to the presentinvention, the need existed for a much more simple and more readilycontrollable process to produce oriented multi-layer films having adifferent orientation distribution between the layers of the film.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has overcome the shortcomings of theabove-discussed prior art processes by forming a first tubular layer ofa given diameter and folding the structure so that it may be fed intothe interior of a smaller diameter second tubular layer. If necessary,the exterior surface of the larger diameter inner tubular layer may bedusted or otherwise lubricated prior to folding to assure that theexterior surface of the inner tubular layer may readily slip over theinterior surface of the outer tubular layer when the tubes are expandedto the maximum non-stretched diameter of the larger diameter inner tube.Since the non-stretched diameter of the smaller diameter outer tubularlayer is less than the non-stretched diameter of the larger diameterinner tubular layer, expansion of the larger inner tubular layer to itsmaximum non-stretched diameter results in the stretching and orientationof the smaller diameter outer tubular layer if such expansion occurswhile the temperature of the smaller diameter outer tubular layer ismaintained within its orientation temperature range. As statedpreviously, the orientation temperature ranges for thermoplasticmaterials encompassed by the present invention are well known to thoseskilled in the art. Since the larger diameter inner tubular layer is notstretched, this layer will not be oriented. Accordingly, one embodimentof the present invention results in a multi-layer film which has anunoriented inner layer and an oriented outer layer. Other embodimentswith other combinations of different orientation distributions betweenthe layers are hereinafter disclosed. Moreover, the need for complexdies and multiple air sources which must be precisely controlled hasbeen eliminated.

OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a process forforming an oriented multi-layer film wherein the aforementioneddisadvantages are obviated.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a process forproducing oriented multi-layer films having a very different orientationdistribution between the film layers.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a more simpleand easily controllable process for producing cross-oriented films.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide orientedmulti-layer films comprising layers having different mechanicalproperties.

A further object of the present invention is to provide orientedmulti-layer films having a very different orientation distributionbetween the film layers.

Still further objects and the broad scope of applicability of thepresent invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart from the details disclosed hereinafter. However, it should beunderstood that the following detailed description which indicates apresently preferred embodiment of the invention is only given forpurposes of illustration since various changes and modifications wellwithin the spirit and scope of the present invention will becomeapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from this detaileddescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The FIGURE is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of aninventive process of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND A PERFERRED EMBODIMENT

Turning now to the FIGURE which is a schematic representation of apreferred embodiment of the present inventive process, it can be seenthat, initially, a first tubular layer 4 is extruded from die 3. The rawmaterials to form the extruded tubular layer 4 are fed into extruder 1by way of hopper 2. Tubular layer 4, for reasons which will becomeapparent, comprises a polymeric material having a high melting point,preferrably between 300° F. and 600° F. This melting point range is notto be taken as absolute or limiting since the importance of the highmelting point lies not in the range but rather in the fact that themelting point of the material of first tubular layer 4 is to besubstantially greater than the orientation temperature range of thematerial of second tubular layer 17, hereinafter discussed. Thus, theselection of a material having a very low orientation temperature rangefor the material of second tubular layer 17 will broaden the materialsutilizable for first tubular layer 4. Accordingly, from the above, itshould be recognized that the present invention is not directed toutilization of any single material but rather to pairs of materialswherein the melting point of one material, e.g. 4, is substantiallyhigher than the orientation temperature range of the second material,e.g. 17.

The term "substantially higher" as used herein is meant to encompass allsituations where the first, high melting point material will not betacky or self-adherent at the orientation temperature range of thesecond material.

Preferred materials for first tubular layer 4 include the polyethylenesand also the polyamide polymers, e.g. nylon 66 and nylon 6. Other usefulmaterials include unsaturated ester copolymers such asethylene/unsaturated ester copolymers, e.g., ethylene/vinyl actuatecopolymers, and polypropylene polymers. Those skilled in the art willreadily recognize that numerous other materials may be utilized.

After extrusion the first tubular layer 4 is cooled, by quenching means3a well known in the art before the tubular layer 4 can internallyadhere or weld. Tubular layer 4 is then collapsed by deflate pinch rolls5 into a lay-flat configurations as at 6. The thus formed lay-flattubing could, optionally, be irradiated, as is well known in the art, atthis point if cross-linking of this layer was desired.

The lay-flat configuration 6, for reasons which will hereinafter becomeclear, should have an unstretched width or diameter essentiallyequivalent to that of the final width desired of the finished product.Prior to passing the lay-flat configuration through transfer rolls 10the outer surface of the configuration is dusted or otherwise lubricatedat 9 with a non-tacky material such as corn starch or silica. Afterpassing through transfer rolls 10, the lay-flat configuration 6 islongitudinally folded (e.g. folded in the machine or tubular direction)by folder 11 and transported by transfer rolls 12 and 13 so as to passthrough a second die 16.

Second die 16 extrudes an orientable thermoplastic material as a secondtubular layer 17 over the folded lay-flat tubing 6 so that the foldedlay-flat tubing 6 passes down into the exteriorily extruded tube 17formed by die 16. As stated above, an important feature in the selectionof the material to be utilized for second tubular layer 17 is that theorientation temperature range of this material should be substantiallylower than the melting point of the material utilized to form firsttubular layer 4. Additionally, the temperature at which the materialutilized for first layer 4 becomes tacky or self-adherent should besubstantially higher than the temperature at which the material utilizedfor second tubular layer 17 becomes tacky or self-adherent. Thus, theselection of a material for second tubular layer 17, depends, to someextent, on the material selected for first tubular layer 4. Theorientation temperature range of the second tubular layer 17 should besubstantially lower than the melting point of the material utilized forfirst tubular layer 4 so as to avoid any adhesion of the inner surfaceof first tubular layer 4 to itself upon the subsequent orientation ofouter tubular layer 17. Examples of orientable thermoplastic materialswhich may be utilized are polymers and polymeric blends of the followingmonomers: the monoolefins and conjugated di-olefins, e.g. ethylene,propylene, butene-1 isobutene, 1, 3 butadiene, isoprene and otheraliphatic mono and diolefins; the halogen substituted olefins, e.g.vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride; the mono/vinylidene aromaticcompounds, e.g. styrene, alpha methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, otheraromatic olefins; and other ethylinically unsaturated monomers such asacryonitrile, acrylamide and the like. Polyamide polymers, e.g. nylon 66and nylon 6, may also be utilized. A preferred orientable thermoplasticmaterial is a copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate. Anotherpreferred material is marketed under the tradename of "plexar". Plexaris commercially available from the Chemplex Co. and several plexarvariants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,087,587; 4,087,588 and4,303,711, all hereby incorporated by reference. One plexar variant,plexar 2, may be characterized as blends of a graft copolymer of a highdensity polyethylene and at least one unsaturated, fused ring,carboxylic acid anhydride and this blended with one or more resincopolymers of ethylene and an ethylinically unsaturated ester. Anothervariant, plexar 3, generally comprises blends of a graft copolymer of ahigh density polyethylene and at least one unsatruated, fused ring,carboxylic acid anhydride blended with a polyethylene resin of one ormore homopolymers of ethylene, copolymers of ethylene and analpla-olefin or any or all of these. Of course, die 16 is provided withappropriate orientable material by extruder 14 from hopper 15. Asillustrated in the FIGURE, the extruded non-stretched diameter of thesecond tubular layer 17 is smaller than the extruded non-stretcheddiameter of the first tubular layer 4.

A second set of deflate pinch rolls 18 collapses the outer tube 17 afterit has been quenched and cooled by means well known in the art, as at16a, before it can internally weld or adhere to the interiorily foldedlay-flat tubing 6. This action results in the formation of a lay-flattube within a lay-flat tube as at 19. Yet another alternative to theearlier referenced optional irradiation step, irradiation of the entirestructure, could optionally be performed at this point when thestructure comprises a lay-flat tube within a lay-flat tube as at 19.Such action would be applicable if cross-linking of all layers wasdesired.

The composite collapsed lay-flat inner and outer tubular layers 19 isthen heated to the orientation temperature range of outer tubular layer17 by heating element 20. As stated above, this temperature issubstantially less than the melting point of inner tubular layer 4. Thecomposite is then passed through pinch rolls 21 whereafter the innerfolded tubular layer 4 is reinflated to its maximum non-stretcheddiameter. The lubricating dust or other material, for example cornstarch or silica, provided by duster 9 assists the outer surface ofinner tubular layer 4 in easily sliding over the inner surface of theouter tubular layer 17. As stated above outer tubular layer 17 has amaximum extruded non-stretched diameter which is less than that of innertubular layer 4. Thus, when inner tubular layer 4 is reinflated to itsmaximum non-stretched diameter as in the direction of arrows 23 to formbubble 24 the outer tubular layer 17 which is heated to within itsorientation temperature range will be stretched and oriented by theinflation of larger inner tubular layer 4. The stretching andorientation of outer tubular layer 17 will be substantially in thetransverse direction as illustrated by arrows 23. A small degree oflongitudinal stretching and orientation will also be present. Thus, theorientation of outer tubular layer 17 could be stated to be biaxial.However, since the degree of longitudinal orientation is slight, thepreferred descriptive terminology is "substantially transversely"oriented.

Bubble 24 may be collapsed through utilization of deflate pinch rolls 25into a lay-flat configuration as at 26. Thereafter, the collaspedlay-flat tubing within a tubing may be passed through heated nip rolls27, or alternatively, through heating unit 28, whereby the tubularlayers are brought into intimate heated and pressurized contact witheach other and the tubes are joined together. The temperature of heatednip rolls 27 or heating unit 28 is adjusted so that the outer lowermelting point tubular layer 17 is rendered tacky. Since, as previouslystated, the melting point of inner tubular layer 4 is much higher thanthe temperature at which outer tubular layer becomes tacky, the innersurface of inner tubular layer 4 does not adhere to itself when theouter layer is adhered to the inner layer by heated nip rolls 27 orheating unit 28. Thereafter, the final product which is a multi-layertubular structure may be stored as at 29. Optionally, depending on enduse, the multi-layer tubular structure may be slit to form a planerfilm.

Since the extruded inner tubular layer 4 is only inflated to its maximumnon-stretched diameter, the inner layer of the composite final product,in this embodiment, will not be oriented. Moreover, since the expansionof inner tubular layer 4 results in outer layer 17 being predominantlystretched in the lateral or transverse direction, outer layer 17 will bepredominantly oriented in the lateral or transverse direction. From theabove it can be seen that this embodiment of the present invention willcomprise a seamless multi-layer tubular structure having a substantiallyunoriented inner layer and a substantially transversely oriented outerlayer. Thus, the multi-layer tubular structure will have a differentorientation distribution between at least two layers.

Numerous modifications and alterations of the present invention will bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the abovedisclosure. For instance, an orientable material may be utilized forinner tubular layer 4. In this embodiment, the orientable materialselected for first tubular layer 4 should have an orientationtemperature range which is higher than the orientation temperature rangeof second tubular layer 17 so that the subsequent orientation of secondtubular layer 17 will not affect the orientation of first tubular layer4. In this embodiment first tubular layer may be heated by optionalheating element 7 to its orientation temperature range and stretchedlongitudinally to effect the longitudinal orientation of inner tubularlayer 4 The longitudinal stretching and orientation may be accomplishedby revolving transfer rolls 10 at a higher rate of speed that the rateof passage of tubular layer 4 through deflate pinch rolls 5. Preferredratios of such longitudinal stretching are from 2 to 1 to 16 to 1 in thedirection of arrow 8. If the remainder of the process is carried out asdiscussed above the inner larger diameter, tubular layer 4 will beoriented substantially in the longitudinal direction whereas the outer,smaller diameter, tubular layer 17 will be oriented substantially in thelateral or transverse direction. Upon collapse of these tubular layersat 26 and their subsequent joining by means 27 or 28 those skilled inthe art will recognize that the final film product of this embodimentwill comprise a multi-layer tubular film having a longitudinallyoriented inner layer and a transversely oriented outer layer. In otherwords the layers will be cross-oriented. Thus, this multi-layer tubularfilm will also have a very different orientation distribution between atleast two layers.

Still further modifications of the present invention are possible inthat the inner tubular layer 4 and the outer tubular layer 17 could eachcomprise two or more plies of different materials. The additional pliesof each layer could be formed, in each case, through utilization ofcoextrusion techniques well known in the art. In this embodiment, theabove-discussed method would be modified by addition of extruders 1a and14a which are provided with hoppers 2a and 15a if each layer were to becomposed of two plies. Of course, additional extruders and hoppers couldbe utilized if even more plies were desired. In this multi-layer,multiply embodiment extrusion dies 3 and 16 would be replaced withappropriate coextrusion dies which are well known in the art.

In addition to the two layered structure discussed above, additionallayers could be provided as is well known in the art through utilizationof additional dies and/or laminating techniques. In this embodiment theinner and outer layers having a different orientation distribution wouldnot necessarily be the innermost or outermost layers of the finalmulti-layer structure.

From the above discussion it is readily apparent that throughutilization of the present invention both the composition and theorientation characteristics of a film may be readily and easily variedand tailored to effectuate the desired final film characteristics.

What is claimed is:
 1. A seamless multi-layer film comprising:an outerlayer having a melting point and an orientation temperature range; aninner layer having a melting point and an orientation temperature range;wherein the orientation temperature range of said inner layer issubstantially higher than the orientation temperature range of saidouter layer and the melting point of said inner layer is substantiallyhigher than both the melting point and the orientation temperature rangeof said outer layer; and with said inner and outer layers having adifferent orientation distribution.
 2. The multi-layer film of claim 1,comprising a longitudinally oriented inner layer and a transverselyoriented outer layer.
 3. The multi-layer film of claim 1, comprising anunoriented inner layer and a transversely oriented outer layer.
 4. Themulti-layer film of claim 1, comprising at least one multi-ply layer. 5.The multi-layer film of claim 1, wherein said film comprises a tubularstructure.
 6. The multi-layer film of claim 2, comprising alongitudinally oriented innermost layer and a transversely orientedoutermost layer.
 7. The multi-layer film of claim 3, comprising anunoriented innermost layer and a transversely oriented outermost layer.8. The multi-layer film of claim 4, comprising an inner layer and anouter layer comprising an inner ply and an outer ply.
 9. The multi-layerfilm of claim 4, comprising an outer layer and an inner layer comprisingan inner ply and an outer ply.
 10. The multi-layer film of claim 8,wherein said outer ply consists of nylon, said inner ply consists of ablend of a graft copolymer of a high density polyethylene and at leastone unsaturated, fused ring, carboxylic acid anhydride blended with apolyethylene resin and an alpha-olefin and said inner ply consists ofnylon.
 11. The multi-layer film of claim 8, wherein said outer plyconsists of polyethylene said inner ply consists of ethylene methylacrylate and said inner layer consists of polyethylene.
 12. The seamlessfilm of claim 1, wherein a lubricating material is located on an outersurface of said inner layer.
 13. The seamless film of claim 12, whereinsaid lubricating film comprises corn starch.
 14. The seamless film ofclaim 12, wherein said lubricating film comprises silica.
 15. Themulti-layer film of claim 8, wherein said outer ply consists of nylon,said inner ply consists of a blend of a graft copolymer of a highdensity polyethylene and at least one unsaturated, fused ring,carboxylic acid anhydride blended with one or more resin copolymers ofethylene and an ethylenically unsaturated ester.